INTRODUCTION:

The immune system can be defined as a sophisticated association of varied immune cells and molecules that protect against infections and foreign invaders. The innate immune system uses pattern recognition receptors to identify pathogens' molecular patterns, stimulating immune cells like epithelial cells, neutrophils, macrophages, monocytes, and dendritic cells. Prrs also target pathogen-derived pathogen-associated molecular patterns and host-derived damage-associated molecular patterns¹.Innate (non-specific) or adaptive (specific) immune systems are the two basic categories used to describe them. Immunoglobulins (Ig), which are created by B cells in response to antigenic assaults from infections and allergens, are associated with particular immunity. The Igs are further split into the classes iga,

igg, and ige, which are all created upon activation via isotype switching. Given that they are prevalent in saliva, tears, perspiration, breast milk, and mucosal secretions, igas are the ones that are most pertinent to the current review. Additionally, the igas aid in preventing infections and regulating commensal microorganisms at mucosal locations². The immune system, composed of cells, tissues, and organs, includes white blood cells (leukocytes) that circulate through the body to protect against infectious organisms and invaders³. The medicinal plants and herbs playing a critical role immunity-boosting rasayan kvatha, using medicinal plants and herbs like tulsi, lavang, sunthi, dalchini, kalimiri, and haldi, which have proven pharmacological properties and antimicrobial activity⁴. Garlic, Margosa Neem, Tulsi, Giloy, Clove, Ginseng, Betel vine, Black paper, Black cumin, Ashwagandha, Licorice, Astragalus, Turmeric, Elderberry and Giloy are plants rich in antioxidants, vitamins, proteins, carbohydrates, dietary fibers, aminoacids, minerals, steroids, alkaloids, and antiviral and antibacterial phytochemicals⁵.

Types of immunity:

Fig-1Types of immunity⁶

Innate Immunity:

In-born immunity, also known as natural immunity, is an individual's defense mechanism against pathogenic microbes, encompassing all mechanisms that protect the host from harmful pathogens⁶.Innate immunity known as nonspecific immunity, now collaborates with the adaptive immune system to safeguard human hosts from infectious insults. Innate immunity, crucial for host defense against infectious challenges, is also emerging as a key regulator of human inflammatory diseases, including asthma, atopy, and autoimmune disorders like type 1 diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, and systemic lupus erythematosus⁷.In the innate immune response, various cells, including phagocytes, dendritic cells, mast cells, basophils, eosinophils, natural killer (NK) cells, and lymphocytes (T cells), play a crucial role. Phagocytes are divided into two main cell types: neutrophils and macrophages. Both share the function of phagocytosing microbes, with neutrophils containing granules that help eliminate pathogenic microbes. Macrophages, on the other hand, are long-lived cells that play phagocytosis and antigen presentation to T cells⁸.

Adaptive Immunity:

The immune system utilizes various receptors, including antibodies, to detect the environment, with the first antigen-specific receptor being immunoglobulin (Ig), a Y-shaped cartoon. The Ig domain, consisting of three globular domains connected by flexible linkers, is a widely used template for various molecules both inside and outside the immune system. Proteins with the Ig domain belong to the immunoglobulin super family, which are soluble molecules that bind to an antigen and signal to immune cells⁹.Adaptive immune responses rely on custom-tailored receptors created through somatic recombination of gene segments. These evolved through vertebrate gene duplication, generating highly specific and flexible responses. After pathogen encounters, cells expressing these receptors can persist in the host for life¹⁰.The adaptive immune system possesses exceptional specificity for antigens through antigen-specific receptors on T and B lymphocyte surfaces, formed through somatic rearrangement of germline gene elements, allowing for the creation of millions of unique antigen receptors¹¹.

Herbal introduction:

Medicinal plants, beekeeping products, probiotics and prebiotics, melatonin, and other natural compounds with immunomodulating properties could explore new therapeutic ways to enhance immunity against various diseases. Many vitamins and minerals are also very effective in supporting the proper functioning of immunity¹².

Herbs used as immunity booster:

Several botanical families, such as Labiatae, Solanaceae, Liliaceae, Zingiberaceae, Argliaceae, Lamiaceae, Euphorbiaceae etc. have several species with established immunomodulating effects. For several decades, for instance, Echinacea, ginger, and fresh citrus juice have all been recognized to have immune-boosting qualities. Based on the study of plant species from all over the world, an increasing number of herbs with immunostimulating qualities have been investigated and found for use in conventional medicine in recent years. Herbal remedies are thought to be efficient and affordable natural immunomodulators¹³. Herbal immunity boosters using herbs are mentioned in Table 1.

Table:1 Herbs used immunity booster

Herbs	BiologicalSource	Family
Cardamom	Elettaria Cardamomum	Zingiberaceae
Giloy	Tinospora cordifolia Miers	Menispermaceae.
Tulsi	Ocimum Sanctum Linn	Labiatae
Gingseng	Panax Gingseng	Argliaceae
Ashwagandha	Withania Somnifera	Solanaceae
Ginger	Zingiber Officinale	Zingiberaceae
Turmeric	Curcuma Longa Linn	Zingiberaceae
Black Pipper	Pipper Nigrum Linn	Piperaceae
Moringa	Moringa Oleifera	Moringaceae
Sage	Salvia Officinalis	Labiatae
Fennel	Foeniculum Vulgare Miller	Umbelliferae
Rosemary oil	Rosmarinus Officinalis Linn	Labiatae
Amla	Emblica Officinalis	Euphorbiaceae

1. Cardamom:

Cardamom Fruit,Cardamom seeds, Cardamon, Small cardamom belonging to the family Zingiberaceae Cardamom consists of the dried ripe fruit of Elettaria Cardamomum. It will belonging to category Terpenoids¹⁴.Chemical constitutes of α- Terpineol, Borneol, Terpinene, α-Pinene, Sabinene, Linalool acetate^14,15.

Fig-2 Borneol

It will follow mechanism of action Acetaminophen (APAP), a common analgesic, is linked to severe acute liver failure. Cardamom (CARD), a sweet spice, has been found to have pharmacological effects. A study found that CARD extract, containing polyphenols, flavonoids, cinnamic acid derivatives, and essential oil components, can mitigate APAP-induced hepatic toxicity. In vivo animal experiments showed that CARD extract reduced APAP-induced liver function impairment, histopathological alterations, oxidative stress, and inflammatory and apoptotic status, indicating severe hepatic failure. The extract also down-regulated MDA, inflammatory mediators, and apoptotic markers, and amplified the activities of SOD, catalase, GSH-Px, and GSH-R in hepatic tissue samples¹⁶.

Uses:

This herb used for the energy purpose in Boost Immunity, Antioxidant,Improve digestion,Strengthen the respiratory system,Antibacterial,Treat infection,Improve Breathing, Development of anxiety^17,18.

2. Ashwagandha:

Withania root, Asgandh, Winter cherry belonging to the family Solanaceae It consists of dried roots and stem bases Withania somnifera. It will belonging to category Alkaloidal Drug chemical constitutes of Anaferine, Withaferin, DI-isopelletierine, Withaferin A,Withanolide A¹⁹.

Fig-3 Anaferine Fig-4 Withaferin

Withania somnifera stimulates cellular immunity or starts chemical reactions that lead to therapeutic outcomes. The demonstrated that Withania somnifera significantly affects immunological disorders by regulating and promoting T-cell proliferation, and improving macrophage performance. Withania somnifera on a variety of disorders via modifying immunological markers in this review, as well as which particularw. somnifera components cause these therapeutic actions. Roots are reported to contain 0.13–0.31% alkaloids²⁰.

Uses:

Ashwagandha gives many medicinal properties like Boost Immunity, Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Acute chronic stimulations²¹.

3. Tulsi:

Synonyms for the Tulsi are Sacred basil, Holy basil belonging to the family Labiatae Tulsi consists of fresh and dried leaves of Ocimum sanctum Linn. It will belonging to category Terpenoids Drug chemical constitutes of Eugenol, Methyleugenol, Carvacrol, Caryophyllene²².

Fig-5 Carvacrol Fig-6 Methyleugenol

It has also been demonstrated that tulsi counteracts psychological stress by improving memory and cognitive function, as well as metabolic stress by normalizing blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and blood glucose. It also possesses anxiolytic and antidepressant qualities. Tulsi quantify the volatile components present in flower spikes, leaves and the essential oil, and to investigate the compounds responsible for any activity. Broth micro-dilution was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Tulsi essential oil against selected microbial pathogens. The oils, at concentrations of 4.5 and 2.25%^{23, 24}.

Uses:

This herb used as Natural Immunity Booster, Antioxidant, Lowering Body Temperature, Treat Cold, Cough and Other Respiratory Disorders, Lowers Stress and Blood Pressure, Anti-cancer Properties, Respiratory Problem²⁵.

4. Gingseng:

Synonyms for the Gingseng are Ninjin, PannagPanax belonging to the family Araliaceae Ginseng is the dried root of various of Panax gingseng, Panax japonica, Panax notoginseng Gingseng belonging category Glycosides in chemical constitutes of Oleanolic acid, Panaxadiol, Panaxatriol²⁶.

Fig-7 Oleanolic acid Fig-8 Panaxadiol

Recent review highlights ginseng's adjuvant effects on Th1 and Th2 immunological responses, enhancing lymphocyte multiplication and cytokine synthesis, and enhancing mice's production of IFN-γ and IL-5. Ginseng Rd and Re enhance Th1 and Th2 cytokine production, leading to balanced immunity. G115, a standardized Ginseng extract, contains 4% ginsenosides, promoting up-regulation of Th1 and Th2 responses²⁷.

Uses:

Gingseng gives many medicinal properties like Increased energy, Supporting the immune system, Anti-inflammatory effects, Treatment of erectile dysfunction, Flu prevention, Lowering blood sugar, Reducing gas and improving digestion, Relieving nausea, Reducing inflammation, Relieving pain²⁸.

5. Garlic:

Synonyms for the Garlic are Garlic Allium; Lasan (Hindi) belonging to the family Liliaceae. It consists of bulbs of plant known as Alium sativum Linn Garlic belonging category Terpenoids chemical constitutes of Allicin, Alliin, Ally propyl, disulphide, Diallyl disulphide, S-Allylcysteine²⁹.

Fig-9Allicin Fig-10Alliin

Followed this mechanism Garlic phytochemicals enhance antioxidant enzyme expression and boost cellular GSH levels. Supplementation for 2-24 weeks improves serum SOD levels and total antioxidant reducing malondialdehyde levels. Ajoene and AGEs activate the Nrf2 pathway, regulating GCL expression and increasing GSH levels to reduce oxidative stress in endothelial cells. Allicin reduces oxidative stress responses and regulates apoptosis. AGEs protect DNA structures from UV radiation damage, performing antimutagenic, anticarcinogenic, and reparative activities^{30, 31}.

Uses:

This herb used as Immunity-boosting, Antioxidants, Anti-inflammatory, Cardiovascular disorders, Seasonal flu, Infections, Immunomodulatory, Antimicrobial, Antimutagenic, Antitumor, Antiviral, Secretion of proinflammatory cytokines³².

6. Amla:

Synonyms for the Amla Emblica, Indian goose berry, Amalki belonging to the family Euphorbiaceae This consists of dried, as well as fresh fruit of the plan Emblica Officinalis belonging category Hydrolysable Tannins chemical constitutes of Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid), Tannin, Phyllemblin³³.

Followed this mechanism the study investigates the anti-oxidant and immunomodulatory properties of Amla. Amla fruit extractsusing chromium are the immunosuppressive agent. Chromium treatment enhances cytotoxicity, and free radical production, and the lipid peroxidation, while Amla significantly inhibits lymphocyte proliferation, apoptosis, and DNA fragmentation. Amla also restores anti-oxidant status and restores IL-2 and γ-IFN production³⁴.

Fig-11 Ascorbic acid

Uses:

Amla used as Natural antioxidants, Improve immune system, Improve digestion, Reduce anxiety, Reduce burning sensation in skin and eyes, Improve anemic condition³⁵.

7. Ginger:

Synonyms for the Ginger Zingiber, Zingiberis, Sunthi belonging to the family Zingiberaceae Ginger consist of whole or cut, driedscrapped or unscrapped rhizomes Zingiber officinale belonging category Terpenoids chemical constitutes Zingeron, Gingero, Zingiberene Citra, Zingiberol, Shogaols³⁶.

Fig-12 Gingerol Fig-13 Zingerone

Uses:

Immunestimulant, Anti-oxidative, Anti-inflammatory, Fights Chronic Indigestio, Reduces Obesity, Fightsnausea, Anti-Diabetic Properties, Allergic diseases, Reduces cholesterol³⁷.

8. Turmeric:

Synonyms for the Turmeric Haldi, Curcuma, Indian Saffon belonging to the family Zingiberaceae Turmeric consists for dried, as well as, fresh rhizomes of the plant known as Curcuma Longa Linn belonging category Terpenoids chemical constitutes Curcumin, DL-artermerone Zingiberene, Cucuminiod, Tumeron, β pinene, α phellandrene, Camphor³⁸.

Fig-14 Curcumin Fig-15 DL-ar-termerone

Zingiberene

Uses:

Boosts immunity leve, Antiinflammatory effects, Allerg, Anti-bacterial, Anti-viral Anti-fungal, Asthma, Atherosclerosis, Modulate the immune system, Alzheimer's disease, Diabetes, and cancer³⁹.

9. Black Pipper:

Synonyms for the Black Pipper Pipper, Pipper Nigrum, Maricha belonging to the family Piperaceae Pepper is the unripe fruit of perennial climbing vine Pipper nigrum Linn belonging category Terpenoids chemical constitutes Piperine, Spathulenol, Piperidine, Caryophyllene, linalyl formate, Elemol⁴⁰.

Fig-16 Piperine Fig-17 Spathulenol

Uses:

Immune respons, High Antioxidant, Reduces the inflammatory response, Boosting white blood cells, Improve digestion, Boost our Level, Prevents Constipation⁴¹.

10. Fennel:

Synonyms for the Fennel Fennel fruit, Fructus foenicukum belonging to the family Umbeliferae Fennel consists of dried ripe fruits of the plant known as Foeniculum vulgare miller It will belonging to category Terpenoids chemical constitutes Fenchon, Anethole, Phellandren, Limonene, Methyl chathole⁴²

Fig-18 Fenchone Fig-19 Anethole

Uses:

Boost immune system, A stimulate the production of killer T cell sand modulates the anti-inflammatory, Anti-fungal, Antiviral effects⁴³.

CONCLUSION:

Herbal immunity boosters are popular due to their natural, holistic approach to boosting body defense systems. However, caution and a critical mindset are essential when using these products. Herbal immunity boosters are believed to strengthen the body's immune system through various processes. Antioxidants, such as vitamins C and E and polyphenols, are found in many natural medicines, helping fight free radicals, lower oxidative stress, and strengthen immune cells. Some herbs also have anti-inflammatory properties, reducing chronic inflammation and supporting a robust immune response. These boosters also promote the growth and function of immune cells, such as natural killer cells, T-cells, and white blood cells, and moderate cytokine responses. Additionally, some herbal medicines enhance immunological memory and promote gut health. According to the plant or molecule, different herbal immune boosters have different levels of success. While some, like Elettaria cardamomum, Ocimum sanctum Linn, Panax gingseng, Withania somnifera, Zingiber officinale, Alium sativum Linn, Foeniculum vulgare Miller, Emblica officinalis have shown promise in clinical studies. Some herbal immunity boosters and above many herbs may help the immune system remember infections which can lead to a faster and more effective response upon re-exposure.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST:

The authors have no conflicts of interest regarding this investigation.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

The authors express their sincere thanks to Dean, Teaching and non-teaching staff of Dr. Subhash University, Junagadh, Gujarat, India for providing guidance and support to this review work.

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Received on 13.01.2024 Modified on 27.05.2024

Asian J. Pharm. Res. 2024; 14(3):275-280.

DOI: 10.52711/2231-5691.2024.00042

Menispermaceae.